Direct-current mechanism.



U. W. GIRVlN.

DIRECT CURRENT MECHANISM.

APPLICATION FILED MAR. 11 1912.

PatentedSept 5,1916.

5SHEETS-SHEET1 INVENTOR WITNESSES C. W. GIRVIN,

DIRECT CURRENT MECHANISM.

APPLICATION HLED MAR. 11, 1912.

1,196,773. PatentedSept. 5,1916.

fiSHEETS-SHEET 2.

72 l 10H nn H 7/ I IIIIII| k mmmmmmm WITNESSES INVENTOR W W I AZ"? C. W. GlRVlN.

DIRECT CURRENT MECHANISM.

APPLICATION FILED MAR. 11. 1912.

1,1 96,773. Patented Sept. 1916.

' 5 SHEETSSHEET 3.

54 J F W A m V/// A5 /6 7 I V i INVENTOR cfw, Gmvml D|RECT CURRENT MECHANISM.

APPLICATION FILED MAR. 11. 1912.

PatentedSept. 5, 1916.

5 SHEETSSHEET 4.

INVENTOR 'fiww WITNESSES & Atlornq/ C. W. GlRvlN DIRECT CURRENT MECHANISM.

APPLI 1 1,196,773. Pmntedse t. 5,1916.

5 EEEEEEEEEEEE 5.

' TNESSES [NVEzVTOR volts, while UNITED "STATES Parana OFFICE.

CHARLES W. GTRVIN, OF SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA, ASSIGNOR TO GIRVIN ELEC- TRICAL DEVELOPMENT COMYANY, LIMITED, OF HONOLULU, TERRITORY OE HAWAII, A CORPORATION OF THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII.

DIRECT-CURRENT MECHANISM.

Application filed March 11, 1912.

To all whom it may concern: I v

Be it known that I, CHARLES WV. GIR'VIN, a citizen of the United States, and residing at San Francisco, in the county of San Francisco and State of California, have in vented certain new and useful Improvements in Direct-Current Mechanism of which the following is a specification.

My inventionrelates to direct current mechanism adapted to produce or employ current of high potential, and provides for either the production or employmentofdirect current of a voltage exceeding that heretofore known for this type of current, this 7 result being obtained by the arrangement of the elements in such manner as to practically obviate flashing at the commutator, one of the main dilliculties in the production or employment of high voltage direct currents, and also to reduce difiiculties in the insulation of the armature windings.

So far as I am aware the production or employment of direct currents has been lim ited to a. low potential as compared with alternating currents; the present invention is designed to change this condition so as to raise the direct current potential into a favorable comparison with that of alternating currents within the limits of a unitary structure. For instance, the known commercial mechanism is limited to approximately 5,000 special mechanisms have been designed which may reach as high as 25,000 volts, this latter representing-the limits of production or employment in a single unitary structure; the invention disclosed herein is designed to produce or employ direct currents of high potential far exceeding these known mechanisms. This result is obtained by the employment of a commutating direct current apparatushaving a plurality of open circuit coil units connected up through the commutator so as to maintain the units constantly in circuit and constantly in series relationship, the units structurally being of the open-coil type, but operating similarly to the ordinary closed-coil type of direct current mechanism, difl'erent from the known open-coil mechanisms in that the latter have their separate windings in circuit only while at or near their maximum E. M. F., being put into or cut out of circuit at other times, as by being thrown into parallel relation with at least one other winding and ren- Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented Sept. 5, 1916.

Serial No. 683,065.

dering a portion of the windings inactive 'uith respective to the external circuit, de

pendent upon the position of the windings, while in the mechanism herein disclosed, no coil unit is cut out of circuit and the series relationship between adjacent units is constant. v

The arrangement of the coil units may be in the form of a single series circuit or a plurality of such circuits, the circuits in the latter case being capable of being employed either in series or in parallel relationship or a combination of both, but in either event, the commutation is such that each circuit has its coil units constantly in series relationship and constantly active when the units are in SQIVICG,

The principal objectof my invention is therefore to provide a mechanism in which the E. M. F. produced by a coil unit is constantly added to the circuit andthe E. M. F. of all of the units which may be in that cir- ,cuit have a similar relation to the circuit by i being permanently connected in series with each other and constantly in service.

A further object is to provide a mechanism in which the coil unitsreferred' to, either as a whole or as a group, collectively provide a constant series relationship with respect to each other but in which any or all of the units may be formed of a plurality of conductors which may be in series or in parallel relationship or a combination of.

both, to permit of variations in the voltage resulting from the series relationship of the coil units collectively.

A still further object is to provide a mechanism which can be employed either as a generator or as a motor for the production of or employment with direct current of high potential, the mechanism being adapted toact asa step downmechanism.

A further object is to provide a mechanism in which the conductors of a coil unit may be employed either in series, in parallel, or acombination of both, the coil unit as an entirety, however, being in permanent series relationship with the remaining coil units ofthe group forming the. particular circuit,

to provide for controlling the voltage of the circuit.

Other objects, and the'provision of specific means and structures for producing the results heretofore indicated, will be readily in the coil units.

. mg a multiplicity of perceived and understood as the invention is hereinafter disclosed.

To these and other ends, the nature of which will be readily understood as the invention is hereinafter disclosed, said -inven-. vention consis'ts in the improved construction and combination of parts hereinafter fully described, illustrated in' the accompanying drawings,

pointed outin the appended claims.

In my invention, revolving field magnets are employed and these may be of the ordinary typewith exciting coils on each pole, the coils being supplied with currentthrough collector rings, or the revolving field magnet's'may be of the inductor type with one large stationary annular coil exciting all of the poles. In either case the current for the excitation of the fields may be derived either from certain'of the armature sections of the machine itself or from an .outside source.

In" the drawings forming a part of this application and in which like numerals ofreference designate corresponding 'parts throughout the several viewsz Figure l is a diagrammatic development on a plane surface of a commutator, fields, windings,.and

brushes assembled as devised by me. Fig. 2

is aside elevation partly broken away of a commutator construction that may be employed. Fig. 3 isan end view ofithe comnutator. Figs. 4 to 9 inclusive are views partly diagrammatic illustrating the method of individually commutating a plurality of coil units while maintaining each constantly in series relationship with the others and all with-the external. circuit, Figs. 5 to 9 illustrating successive commutations, Fig. 4 indicating a way in whlch reslstancelmay be used to aid commutation ofthe currents;-

Fig. IQ is a side elevation partly'in section-of a stationary armature machine illustrating one arrangement of elements for employing my commutator,

only two sets of brushes being employed. Fig. 1-1 is a vertical transverse sectional view of the device taken on line 1111 of Fig. 10. Figs. 12, 13 and 14 diagrammatically illustrate a coil sub-divided into four small coils and three manners of connecting up the small coils, and Fig. 15 is anend vation' of a machine employing-two commutators.

My invention broadly consists in generatphases of alternating currentse'ach in a'separate coil or circuit of coils. in a stationary armature, and by means of a particular type of commutator ashereinafter described, the ph arately current. phases directly in a stationary armature rather than deriving them from an alternating current system by means of transformase's are seprectifiedfa'nd united into a direct ers is that'interpoles or other compensating and I more particularly eleparticular positions on the The advantage in generating the windings may be as in the field to assist -"the reversal of current in the phase 'c1rcuits. I

For the purpose of describing the present invention, it is considered as a generator of direct current, but it will be. understood like the general type of mechanisms ofthis character, may opthat the mechanism,

crate either as a generator or as a motor, and the mechanism herein disclosed is adapted to act as either.

---I preferably employ a rotating field of any desired number? of poles and'a stationary armature; the latter being provided with a plurality of coil units of theopen circuit type, each unit having each of the terminalslin the form of a brush adapted to cooperate with the commutator. In the drawings, I have shown the coil units at a, b, 0, 05, etc., these units being independent of each other, the brushes of the coil units being indicated at 1,2, 3, 4, etc., as the dis closure is that of sixteen coil units, the unit characters run from a to p and\ the brush characters "from 1 to 32. The brushes are held in suitable. insulated holders and arranged 'in a row orrows longitudinally of and parallel, to the axis of a commutator to be described later. The two brushes for each coil unit" are adjacent to; each other in the same row, as, 1 and 2 are the brushes connected to coil unit a and are adjacent to each other in the same row. The two brushes for the adjacent coil unit are in the same row and adjacent to the first two brushes, as, coilunit-b is adjacent; tof coil unit a in the armature-and its brushes 3 and 4, are adjacent to those (l and 2) of coil unit a. This arrangement is followed for as many coil units and brushes as desired to operate in one row, the remainder being arranged in a separate row or rows. In Fig. l, I have shown diagrammatically in the form of a plane surface, a bi-polar field, an armature having sixteen coil units arranged in four groups of four units each, the groups'being represented by the four lines of brushes, and the commutator segments being arranged for successive comflow of current in the circuit which includes the units of a'group alwaysbeing in the causing the scg-' the terminal brushes for the group uniform direction indicated. The particular showing of this view is such that the directon of flow of E. M. F. in the several coil units which are connected through the connections U may be readily traced for any position of the fields M and commutator 41 which move in synchronism. This view may also be considered as showing successive positions of a single row of brushes, the

mechanism herein described being such that more than a single rowof brushes may be employed on the same commutator section, these rows being spaced apart around the periphery of the commutator a distance sufficient to practically eliminate flashing, it be-" ing understood, of course, that each row .forms an independent group which can be of brushes, thus forming two independent groups. At'each end of each row of coil unit brushes is placed another brush; (33, 34; 35,136; 37, 38), these being the brushes from which is conducted the current from the respective groups of coil units. Thus 33 and 34 are the terminal brushes for the group of units a, Z), 0, and d, 35 and 36 are of units 6, f, g, and h.

The commutator consists of a cylinder 41 of some mechanically strong dielectric substance such as compressed fiber or other suitable material.

S-S are metallic contacts or segments mounted on the cylinder 41 by screws or bolts or other suitable methods UU are connecting wires joining segments as hereinafter described.

- In each of Figs. 4 to 9 both inclusive, (1, 7), 0, and (Z are diagrammatic representations of the coil units a, Z), 0, and (Z of the armature. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 are the respective brushes for the units as before described arranged in a row parallel to the axis. 33 and 34 are the terminal brushes for this group. T T are terminal wires connected to brushes 34 and respectively.

Fig. 5 shows the path of current flow when a group of units is opposite the pole shown at the left in Fig. 1, this position corresponding to the position of the brushes 25 to 32 in said Fig. 1, and this path is preserved while all of the units of that group are opposite the pole or within its influence; as shown in said Fig. 1, any number of rows of segments may be similarly connected, said view showing the three succeeding rows as having the same form of connect-ions U, thus providing for ,the passage of the coil units .through the sphereof lnfiuence of a pole. In Fig. 5, it will be seen that the current enters at T passes through each coil in a direction corresponding to the direction of the E. M. F., in that coil and finally passes out at T As in mechanisms of the closed coil, direct current type, the reversing in polarity of a coil unit provides a temporary short circuit of that coil unit, and to meet this condition, I may if necessary, employ resistance in the connections U, such for instance, as shown at 1" and 7' in Fig. 4, the values of which need be but small, and where commutating poles are used, may be reduced to-a negligible value. The path of current flow during this short circuit period is indicated in Fig. 4 in connection with coil unit d, and this position is shown in Fig. 1 in connection with the position of the brushes indicated as 1 to 8. As will be obvious, the position of Fig. 6 follows that of Fig. 5, this latter figure showing the coil unit d as having been reversed in polarity, the connections U at this stage shifting the path of current flow from brush 34 to brush 7 instead of to brush 8 as in Fig. 5, brush 8 being connected in series with brush 6 instead of this connection being provided from brush 7 as in Fig. 5, the remaining coil units'retaining their previous arrangement of connections; consequently, the series relationship is still preserved with the coil unit -cl forming part of the circuit although it has passed into a fieldof opposite magnetic polarity. As the succeeding unit reverses its polarity, the connections of the segments change the course of the cur rent path tothat shown in Fig. 7, in which the unit 0 is shown as having been reversed, it being understood that the short circuiting operation takes place between the positions of Fig. 6 and Fig. 7, the resistances r and r operating in connection with the brushes 5 and 6, as shown in the row of segments succeeding the row carrying the brushes 1 to 8 in Fig. 1. In Fig. 7, it will be seen that the path runs from brush 8 to brush 5 of the coil unit 0, through brush 6 to brush 4, thus continuing the circuit activity of coilunits -c and dand retaining the series relationship of all of the units. Coil unit --b then reverses its polarity and the commutator provides a positioning of the connections such as shown in Fig. 8, in which the brush 6 connects with brush 3 of unit b, instead of brush 4 of that unit, brush 4 in turn connecting with brush- 2, thereby continuing units'?), 0, and d, in the circuit and retaining the series relationship of these .units' with although unit -a has its direction of flow opposite that of the remaining units. In

The coil unit ais then reversed in po- 7 this position, the short circuiting eflect' has been placed on brushes 1 "and 2, and as'will be seen by referring to Fig. 9, all ofthe units of this group have changed in polarity and are assumed to be within the influence of the opposing field. The series arrangement and continuity in circuit are'retained although the direction of flow in each coil unit is opposite that shown in Fig. 5. The,-

succeeding commutations provide a similar succession of reversals in the units, with the result'that the path of flow is finally restored to that shown in Fig. 5. It will thus be seen that although each unit issu'bjected to the reversing operation, due to the change in'polarity, the unit remains as an active part of the circuit and has the series relationship with the adjacent units maintained throughout the entire commutating operation, the result being that the voltage produced by the group is the sum of the voltages of the several units. The minimum number of coil units which may-form a group is preferably a number corresponding to the number of coil units in a pole pitch, thus providing that the E. M. F. time values of the coil units of the'group are in successive or sequential phase relationship and produce a substantially continuous E. M. F. It is not necessary, however, that the coil units employed in the group be taken from the same pole pitch, it being necessary only that the selected 'imits have the proper E. M. F. time values to produce such successive phase relationship within the group, it being understood that all of the coil units have a definite phase relationship. Obviously a greaternumber of coil units may form a group.

The several coil units may be formed in any suitable manner, as for instance, shown in'Figs. 12, 13 and 14, in. which each of the units is shown as being composed of a plurality of conductors, these conductors being arranged either in series or parallel relationship or a combination of both, andthe arrangement of these conductors in this manner Wlll enable variations in voltage of the group circuit to be provided, without,

however, affecting the series relationship or the continuity of the group circuit; in Fig. 12, I have shown the conductors 43, 4:4, 45, and 46 as arranged in series, While in Fig. 13, they are shown as arranged in parallel, 42 indicating the terminal brushes of the unit; in Fig. 14., l have shown the conductors as and at as being in parallel, as are the conductors 45 and l6; the two sets of con ductor s, however, havin a series connection.

- This arrangement of-coiunitsprovides for a mass 7's As heretofore stated, the brushes may be arranged in several parallel rows on the same commutator, but the tendency to dash from one row' to the next, may make it pref- 'erable to change this arrangement where we tremely. high potential is desired, in which case, a single row of brushes, which may form a plurality of groups will prevent the flashing action. It will also be understood that the'nur'nber of segments ..s of the commutator is optional and depends upon the action desired, it being obvious that the proper number to produce the desired result will be employed.

As will be obvious, the degree of pulsa' tion in the direct current produced by my mechanism will depend upon the number of coil units per pole in the armature, the number of phases controlling in this respect as in the ordinary closed coil direct current generator. Obviously, the arrangement of the units in groups will enable a pro-determined number of the groups to operate the mechanism as ainotor while the remaining groups may be employed to generate current, this arrangement enabling the device to act as a step-up or step-down mechanism for the voltage. It will also be understood that if desired, some of the units may be permanently connected together without using brushes,this arrangement giving the ordinary revolving field alternator construction. v y

it is obvious that the commutator or commutators may be on the same shaft with the field magnets as shown in Fig. 10 or on a separate shaft or shafts driven by gears,

chains, or similar devices.

In Fig. 15, a machine 48 similar to that shown in Fig. 10 is illustrated, employing therewith the separate commutators 49 p0- sitioned upon opposite sides thereof and operated in synchronism with the revolving field 50 by means of the sprocket chains 51. Therein is alsoshown two terminal leads 52 and 53 for each of the sixteen armaturecoil units it being understood that each terminal lead is provided with an individual brush as hereinbefore described, although only the end brushes-54 of the row of brushes contacting each commutator 49 are to be see in this end view of the machine- It is obvious that each group of coils operated with their brushes in one roW or upon one commutator is complete in itself desired. Also it is obvious thatcurrent may be applied to some of the groups to run the machine as a motor and the other groups used to generate current, thus using the ma chine as a step-down mechanism.

With these advantages and objects in view it is noted that while one form of apparatus, which is believed to be new, is herein shown and described, It is nevertheless to be understood that this invention is not limited thereto and changes may be made in the matter of form, proportion, size and minor details of construction without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.

1 Having thus described my invention and in what manner the same is designed for use, what I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent of the United States 1. A direct current machine, comprising a plurality of. independent open'circuited armature coil units, a brush for each terminal of each unit, a commutator, field .magnets, a plurality of segments upon said commutator and interconnections between certain of said segments adapted to maintain the coil units in series and to connect predetermined ones of said brushes together during one portion of a revolution of the commutator.

2. A direct current machine of the constant potential type, comprising a plurality of independent stationary open-circuited armature coil units, a stationary brush for each terminal of each unit, a revolving commutator adjacent to said brushes, synchronously revolving field magnets, a plurality of segments upon said commutator, connectors positioned between said segments and adapted during one portion of a revolution of the commutator for connecting predetermined ones of said brushes together, and during another portion of the revolution reversing said last-named brushes in their relations to each other and to the remainder of the brushes.

3. A direct current machine of the constant potential type, comprising a plurality of independent stationary opencircuited armature coil units, a stationary brush for each terminal of each unit, a revolving commutator adjacent to said brushes, synchronously revolving field magnets, a plurality of segments upon sald commutator, connectors positioned between said segments-and adapted during one portion of a revolution of the commutator for connecting pre-determined ones of said brushes together, and during another portion of the revolution reversing said last-named brushes in their relations to each other and to the remainder of the brushes, said reversals of the brush connections occurring at the instant of reversal of the current in the respective coil units. r

4. A direct current machine of the constant potential type, comprising a plurality of independent stationary open-circuited armaturejcoil units, a stationary brush for each terminal of each unit, a revolving commutator adjacent to said brushes, synchronously revolving field magnets, a plurality of segments upon said commutators, connectors positioned between said segments and adapted during one portion of a revolution of the commutator for connecting predetermined ones of said brushes together, and during another portion of the revolution reversing said last-named brushes in their relations to each other and to the re mainder of the brushes, said reversals of the brush connections occurring at the instant of reversal of the current in the respective coil units, interposed resistance elements joining those segments engaged by the brushes of: a coil unit during reversal of said brushes and unit.

5. A direct current machine of the con- ,stant potential type, comprising a plurality of independent stationary open-circuited armature coii units, a stationary brush for each terminal of each coil, a revolving commutator adjacent to said brushes, synchronously revolving field. magnets, a plurality of segments upon said commutator, connectors'positioned between said segments and brushes and unit, and adapted to short circuit the unit during reversal, preventing arcing, and producing a unidirectional nonpulsating current.

6. A direct current machine comprising a stationary armature, separated circuits upon said armature, a separate contact brush for each circuit terminal, a revolving shaft, a field magnet upon said shaft, a plu-' rality of revolving commutatorsmounted at points removed from said shaft, and means for revolving said eommutators in synchro nism with the field, the said brushes contacting said commutators.

7. A direct current machine comprising a I stationary armature, separatedi circuits upon said armature, a. separate contact brush for each circuit terminal, a revolving shaft, a field magnet upon said shaft, a plurality of revolving commutators mounted at points removed from said shaft, means for revolving said commutators synchronism a ingone portion of arevolution of its com-' .mutator. I

8.. A direct current machine comprising a revolving field magnet, a stationary armature, separated' coil units upon said armature, ,a separate contact brush for each terminal'of 'each unit, a revolving commutator,

with the field magnet, at said brushes con-- tacting said commutators, and-segments upon-said commutators adapted to maintain the circuits in series and to connect predetermined ones of saidbrushes' together durmejms for revolving said commutator, contact'segments uponrsaidcommutator, conductor and resistance memb'ers connecting pre-determined Zones of said segments and 'adaptedupon aichange in d rectlon offlovv of. the induced current in any armature coil unit to simultaneously reverse the respective terminal brush connections of that unit whereby the armature coil unit's remainun' a uniformpolarityseries during the entire operation of the machine. 9. In high potential dlrect current mechanism, a pre-determined number of open aircuit armature coil units, and means includ ing a commutator for maintaining said units constantly in series relationship through the commutator acting individually on each "unit, said commutator maintaining all of said units in a constantly closed circuit.

10. In high potential direct current mech-.

anism, a pre-determined number of open circuit armature coil units, and means ncluding a commutator for maintaining sa d units constantly in series relationship through the commutator acting individually on each unit, said commutator maintaining all of said units in a constantly closed c1rcu1t progressively increasing in potent1al from terminal to terminal of the circuit;

11 In high potential direct current mechaa nism, open circuit armature coil units arranged in groups, and means including a commutator for maintaining the units of each group constantly ser1es relat1 onsh1p through the commutator acting ind vidually on each unit, said commutator malnta'lnmg all of the units of a group in a constantly closed circuit.

12. In high potential direct current mechanism, open circuit armature coil units ar-, ranged in groups, and, means including a.

commutator for maintaining the units of each group constantly in series relationship through the commutator. acting individu- I ally on each unit, sald commutator main tionship.

leach group constantly insieries relationship throughthecommutator acting individually on each unit, said commutator maintaining all of the units of a group in a constantly closed circuit, veach group providing an in: dependent E M. F. adaptedto be added to the-E. M. F. of other groups at will in series or in parallel or a combination of both.

14. In high potential direct current inechQ- anism, a field magnet rotor, a commutator synchronously rotative With the rotor and arranged .to individually commutatethe current in each of a pre-determined number of I independent coil units, a stationary open coil type armature having said coil unlts, said j commutator maintaining each and all of said units constantly in circuit and in series relal5. In high potential direct current mechanism, a field magnet rotor, a commutator synchronously rotative with the rotor and arranged to individually commutate each of a pre-detennined number of independent coil units, a stationary open coil type armature having sald coil units, said commutator malntaimng each and all of said units constantly in circuit and'in series relationship,

the potential in said circuit progressively increasing from terminal to terminal of the circuit.

'16. In high potential directcurrent mech anism, a field magnet rotor, a commutator synchronously'rotative with the rotor and arranged to individually commutate each of a pre-determined number of independent coil units, a stationary'open coil type armature having said coil units, said commutator maintainingeach and all of said units constantly 1n c1rcu1t and in series relationship, a

selected number of the coil units being formed of more than a single conductor.

17 In high potential direct current mechanism, a field magnet rotor, a commutator synchronously rotative withthe rotor and arranged toj individually commutate each of a'pre-determinedf number of independent coil units, astationary'open coil type armature havingsaid-coil units, said commutator maintainingeacb'and allof saidunits con stantly incl'rcuit and-in series relationship, a

selected number of v the coil, units being .s-formed ofimore-thanf a single conductor, said conductors of a unit havlngitheir separate -;termin alsadapted to permit connection in series or parallel relationship or a combina- "tion of both; r i 1 8. In high potential direct current mechanism', open circuit armature coil units arranged in groups, means including a commutating mechanlsm for maintaining r the units of each groupconstantly' in series relationship through the commutatin'g'mechanism actlng-lndividually on each unit, said commutating mechanism-maintaining alljof 13c the units. of a group in a' constantly closed series relationship, the unit E. M. Fjs of a group preserving suchdefinite phase relationship.

20. In high potential direct current mechanism, open-circuit armature'coil units having E. M. F. time values in definite phase relationship, and meansincludinga commutator for placing units in groups with the units of each group maintained in a constantly closedcircuit and having a constant series relationship, the unit E. M. F.s of a group preserving such definite phase relationship,

the commutating arrangement of the group units providing E. M; F. time values in a successive phase relationship.

21. In high potential direct current mechanism, open-circuit armature coil-units hav- 'ingE. M. F. time values in definite phase relationship, and means including a commutator for placing units in groups withthe units of each group maintamed in a constantly closed circuit and havin a constant series relationship, the unit M. F.s of a group preserving such definite phase relationship, the commutating arrangement of successive units of a group providing E. M. F. time values in successivephase relationship.

22. In direct current=machines, an armature having a plurality of open-circuited.

coil-units, brushes forming terminals for said coil-units, a rotatable commutator adapted to coiiperate with said "brushes to place said unit'scoristantly in a closed series circuit, said commutator having individual segments connected in' pair's with each coilunit adapterhto intermittently connect pairs through contact of its brushes with a segment of each of such pairs.

23. In direct current machines, "an armature having a plurality of open-circuited coil-units, "brushes formi terminals for said coil-units, a rotata le commutator j adapted to cooperate'with said brushes to place said units constantly in a closed series circuit, said commutator having individual segments connected in pairs and rendered active intermittently by-contact with the terminal brushes of a coil-unit, said unit forming the connection between the pairs.

24. In direct current machines, an armature having a plurality of open-circuited coil-units, brushes forming terminals for coil-units,

said coil-units, a rotatable commutator adapted to cooperate with said brushes to place said units constantly in a closed series circuit, said commutator havingindividual segments connected in pairs and rendered active intermittently by individually contacting with the terminal-brushes of a cpil unit, said-unit forming the connection between the pairs.

25. In direct current machines, an armature having a plurality of open-circuited coil-units, brushes forming terminals for said unitsya rotatable commutator adapted,

to cooperate with said brushes to place said units constantly in a closed series circuit, said commutator having individual segmentsarranged in circumferential rows, the segments of one row being connected with segments of other rows, the connections providing pairs of segments, a coil-unit adapted to intermittently connect segments of different pairs-through contact ofits brushes therewith. g

26. In direct current machines, an arniature having a plurality of open-circuited coil-units, brushes forming terminals for said units, a rotatable commutator adapted to cooperate with said brushes to place said units constantly in a closed series circuit,

said commutator having individual seg-v ments arranged in circumferential rows,;the segments of one'row beingconnected with segments of other rows, the connections providing pairs of segments, a coil-unit adaptt ed to intermittently connect segments of different pairs through contact of its brushes therewith, succeeding segments of the row having similar pair connections.

27. In direct current machines,.anea'rma-.

ture havin a plurality of open-circuited coil-units,

rushes forming terminals for a said units, a rotatable'commutator adapted to cooperate with said brushes to place said units constantly in a closed series circuit, said commutator .having individual segments arranged in circumferential rows, the segments of one row being connected with segments of other rows, the connectionsproviding pairs of segments, a coil-unit adapted to intermittently connect segments of different pairs through contact of its brushes therewith, succeeding segments of the row having dissimilar pair connections.

28. In'direct current machines, an armature havin rushes forming terminals for said units, a rotatable commutator adapted to cooperate with said brushes to place'said units constantly in a closed series hircuit,

said commutator having individual segments arranged in circumferential rows, the

segments of one row being connected with segments of other rows, the connections providing pairs of segments a coil-unit ada ted to mtermittentlyconnect segments of 'fa plurality'of open-circuited 3 ferent pairs through contact of its brushes therewith, succeeding segments of the row having dissimilar pair connections, dissimilarly connected pairs being at spaced points in the row.

29. In direct current machines, an armature having a plurality of open-circuited coil-units, brushes forming terminals for said units, a rotatable commutator adapted to cooperate with said brushes to place. said units constantly in a closed series circuit,

said commutator having individual. segments arranged in circumferential rows, the segments of one'row being connected with segments of other rows, the connections providing pairs of segments, a, coil-unit adapted to intermittently connect segments .said commutator having individual segments arranged in circumferential rows, the segments of one row being connected with segments of other rows, the connections'providing pairs of segments, a coil-unit adapted to intermittently connect segments of dii'l erent pairs through contact of its brushes therewith, succeeding segments of the row having dissimilar pair connections, dissimilarly connected pairs being at spaced points in the row, said points being positioned to cause the pairs to be rendered active in correspondence with the reversal of E. M. F. in the coil-unit.

31. In direct current machines, 'an a'rma ture having a plurality of open-circuited coil-units, brushes forming terminals for said units, a rotatable commutator adapted to cooperate with said brushes to place said units constantly in a closed series circuit, said commutator having individual seg- -ments arranged in circumferential rows, the

segments of one row being connected with segments of other rows, the connections providing pairs of segments, a coil-unit adapted:-

to intermittently connect segments of different pairs through contact of its brushes therewith, a segment of one row having its pair connection with a-segment of an adja cent row.

32. In direct current machines, an armature having a plurality of open-circuited i coil-units, brushes forming terminals for said units, a rotatable commutator adapted to cooperate with said brushes to place said units constantly m a closed series zcircult, said commutator having ind vidual segiaeeme ments arranged in circumferential rows, the

segments of one row being connected with segments of other rows, the connections providmg pairs of segments, a coil-unit adapted to intermittently connect segments of different pairs through contact of its brushes therewith, a segment of one rowhaving its;

pair connection with a segment of an adjacent row, the succeeding segment of that row having connection with a segment of a difierent row.

33. In direct current machines having: sourcesibf alternating E. M. F., a rotatable commutator operative with respect to the several. sources and having a plurality of segments cooperating intermittently with one of said sources to maintain said source constantly in circuit, said segments being operatively connected to the circuit solely during such periods of coiiperation.

34.. In direct current machines having sources of alternating E. M. E, a rotatable commutator operative with respect to the several sources and having a pluralityof segments individually coiiperating intermit-' tently with one of said sources to maintain said source constantly in circuit, said segments being operatively connected to the circuit solely during such periods of 006poration.

'35. In direct current machines having sources of alternating E. M. F., a rotatable commutator having a plurality of segments individually cooperating intermittently withsaid sources, to maintain said being connected to provide a series relation-' ship between predetermined sources when predetermined segments become active.

36. In direct current machines having sources of alternating E. M. I 1, a rotatable commutator having a plurality of segments individually cooperating intermittently with said sources to maintain said sources constantly in circuit, said segments being connected to provide a series relat1onship between predetermined sources when ments individually cooperating intermittently with said. sources to maintain said sources constantly 1n c1rcu1-t,.sa1d segments being connected to provide a series relatlonsources constantly in circuit, said segments ship between predetermined sources when predetermined segments become active-said predetermined segments being rendered active concurrently, successive segments c1r-' vcumferentially of the commutator becoming active in successive order.

38. In direct current machines having sources of alternating .E. M. F, a rotatable commutator having a plurality of segments individually cooperating intermittently with said sources to maintain said sources constantly in circuit, said 5'segments being connected to provide a series relationship between predetermined sources .When predetermined segments become active, said predetermined segments being rendered active concurrently sucdesl sive segments circum-ferentially of the commutator becoming active in successive order, said connections between segments being varied at points Where activity of the segments is concurrent with E. M. F. reversal. 39; In direct current mechanism, a prede' termined number of opencircuited sources of alternating E. M. F a rotatable commutator for rectifying the current of said sources individually, each terminal of a 9 source cooperating with thecommutator at spaced apart points of the commutator, the commutator maintaining said sources in series relationship.

40. In direct current machines, a prede- 5 termined number of sources of alternating E." M. F. forming a group of individual 001ml of thil patent may be obtained to lfive cents each, by addreasing the sources, each source individually cooperatlng w1th a commutator, said commutator maintaining a series relationship through the group.

41. In direct current machines, a predeter mined number of sources of "alternating E. M. F. forming a plurality of groups of individual sources, each group having its sources individually cooperating with a commutator, said commutator maintaining a series relationship through a group.

42. In direct current machines, a predetermined number of sources of alternating E. M. F. forming a. plurality of groups of individual sources, each group having its sources individually cooperating With a commutator, said commutator acting to provide a single circuit path Within and-through a I group.

In testimony whereof I affix my signature in presence of two Witnesses.

CHARLES W. GIRVIN.

Commissioner of Patents,

Washington, D. 0.? 

